Cayley–Hamilton says $p_T(T)=0$ for every finite-dimensional operator $T$, where $p_T(t)=\det(tI-[T]_B)$. Apply the matrix theorem in a basis and translate back. For $T$ represented by $\begin{bmatrix}1&1\\0&2\end{bmatrix}$, this gives $T^2-3T+2I=0$.
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