Restructure: USD fix + updated descendants

# [TECH] Aircraft (Piston Era)

**Piston-engine Aircraft** — from the Wright Flyer (1903) to the DC-3 (1935) — established powered flight, transformed warfare, global transport, and made the jet engine era possible.

## Overview

The Wright Brothers (1903) achieved controlled powered flight by systematic application of aerodynamic principles, wind tunnel experiments, and precise mechanical control. By WWI, aircraft had become military assets. The interwar period saw rapid commercial development: Ford Trimotor (1926), Boeing 247 (1933), Douglas DC-3 (1936). The DC-3 made commercial aviation economically viable. WWII massively accelerated aircraft design, production, and engine development, setting the stage for the jet age.

## Key Actors

- **Companies**: Wright Company (1909), Boeing (1916), Douglas Aircraft (1921), Lockheed (1912), Pratt & Whitney (1925)
- **Inventors**: Orville Wright (1871–1948) & Wilbur Wright (1867–1912)

## Key Patents

- Wright, O. & W. US Patent 821,393 (1906) — flying machine

## Economic Value

Piston-era aviation laid the foundation for modern aviation (~**\$USD 900B/year**, IATA 2023). The DC-3 alone is credited with making commercial aviation financially sustainable. Air transport enables ~\$USD 3.5T in global economic activity (tourism + freight, IATA 2023).

## Notes

IATA *Economic Performance of the Airline Industry* 2023. The piston-era value is primarily enabling; modern aviation industry data from IATA.

## What This Enables

- **[TECH] Jet Engine** — Jet engines were developed specifically to replace piston engines in high-speed military and commercial aircraft, enabling faster and higher flight.

# Parents

* [SCI] Aerodynamics
* [SCI] Aerodynamics
* [TECH] Internal Combustion Engine